EQ-FAD (Earthquake and Fire Alarm Detector): Solar-Powered IoT System with Intelligent Path Lighting and Real-Time Notifications

Earthquakes and fires pose serious threats to human life and infrastructure, highlighting the need for fast, intelligent safety systems. This study developed EQ-FAD (Earthquake and Fire Alarm Detector)—a solar-powered, IoT-based system that detects hazards early, sends instant alerts, and guides occupants to safe exits. Unlike conventional alarms, EQ-FAD combines sensor-based detection, RGB LED path lighting, and automated communication to provide timely evacuation guidance. The system employs an ESP32 microcontroller, smoke, flame, and vibration sensors, and RGB LEDs to illuminate safe paths. Upon detecting an earthquake or fire, it sends notifications to users with instructions via Telegram notification on what to do, alerts emergency agencies, and reports the number of casualties, specifying the building and room of detection. Solar power ensures continuous operation during power outages. EQ-FAD was tested on a prototype miniature school building model. Results showed significant improvement in detection accuracy—from 83.5% to 93.8%—and a reduction in alert time from 3.5 to 2.0 seconds. Comparative analysis suggested that EQ-FAD demonstrated promising performance compared to conventional alarms in terms of accuracy, reliability, real-time communication, and user-centered guidance. The findings confirm that EQ-FAD is a sustainable and intelligent safety solution, capable of enhancing early warning systems, user and authority notifications, casualty reporting, and safe evacuation guidance, ensuring faster and safer responses during earthquake and fire emergencies.