Abstract
Kalilang is a traditional practice among the Mëranaws performed for various occasions and purposes. It is commonly featured in social gatherings and cultural presentations by groups such as Kalimulan, Sining sa Pananad'm, and IPAG, showcasing the traditions of the Mëranaws and other Indigenous peoples in the Philippines. Beyond public entertainment, kalilang holds deep cultural significance. It is not only a physical instrument, but also the rhythm and music it produces that are believed to summon unseen creatures called tonong. According to the Mëranaw belief, when the kalilang sounds, the tonong perform actions in harmony with the rhythm, responding to the circumstances encountered. This spiritual aspect is little known among modern kalilang players. This qualitative-descriptive study used John Schumann's Acculturation theory to understand Kalilang's evolution. Data were gathered from 60 informants, including 30 key informants (traditional singers, kalilang players, and elders aged 50 to 109) and 30 respondents, using purposive and snowball interviews. Both primary and secondary sources informed the research. Kalilang traditionally plays a significant role in events like weddings, Sultanate enthronements, healing rituals, and agricultural prayers for good harvests. Historically, kalilang was a valued heirloom owned by royal families, symbolizing honor and power. However, its socio-cultural value and trade significance have declined due to a preference for modern instruments and conflicts with Islamic practices. Consequently, many Mëranaws have discontinued playing kalilang.
