Poly(N-acryloyl-glucosamine-co-methylenebisacrylamide) (poly(AGA-co-MBA))-modified FeO nanoparticles were prepared via simple aqueous surface polymerization. The resultant FeO@poly(AGA-co-MBA) nanoparticles were used as hydrophilic magnetic solid phase extraction sorbents. Ten aminoglycosides were selected as model analytes to evaluate the extraction performance and mechanism of the sorbents. The prepared magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, a vibrating sample magnetometer, and so on. The sorbents exhibited efficient extraction towards model analytes in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Only 10.0 mg of sorbent was needed to adsorb analytes from 10.0 mL of a sample solution within a short time (5.0 min). Under optimized conditions, FeO@poly(AGA-co-MBA) nanoparticles were applied in the sample preparation for the analysis of 10 aminoglycosides in meat samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection (LODs) for the 10 aminoglycosides were in the range of 0.6-23.6 µg kg. Satisfactory recoveries of spiked meat samples from 84.6-98.3% with acceptable relative standard deviations from 3.1% to 7.8% were achieved. Compared to other reported methods for the analysis of aminoglycosides, the present work had comparable or higher sensitivities with a simple extraction procedure. The proposed hydrophilic interaction extraction sorbents are promising as powerful alternatives for extracting and enriching aminoglycosides in animal-derived food samples.