Abstract
Controlled-environment agriculture and urban vertical farms frequently suffer from severe pollination deficits due to stagnant indoor micro-climates and the absence of natural insect vectors. Existing mechanical and robotic pollination interventions risk damaging fragile floral microstructures, require intensive manual labor, or rely on invasive physical contact. Here, we present a non-contact, acoustic approach to precision cross-pollination utilizing micro-phased ultrasound arrays (MPUAs). By emitting modulated 40 kHz ultrasonic standing waves, the system creates dynamic Gor'kov potential wells capable of capturing, levitating, and translating particulate pollen aggregates across wind-deprived canopy gaps without physical contact. Furthermore, we evaluate bio-acoustic force thresholds for harmlessly steering small native hoverflies (Sphaerophoria scripta) to act as biological vectors. In benchtop testing within an artificially static greenhouse enclosure, MPUAs achieved a 78.4% targeted stigma deposition rate for Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) pollen across 25 cm gaps, yielding a 41.2% increase in successful fruit set relative to unassisted control plants. This acoustic vectoring strategy establishes a touch-free, scalable paradigm for automated pollination in high-density urban agricultural architectures.
