Evaluating the Delivery of Social Welfare Services to Indigenous Communities in Mindanao: A Qualitative Phenomenological Analysis

This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of indigenous communities (Lumad) in Mindanao regarding the delivery of social welfare services. Utilizing a descriptive phenomenological research design, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 purposively selected tribal leaders, community members, and social welfare workers in Region XII (Soccsksargen). Thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed three primary emergent themes: (1) geographical and infrastructural isolation hindering service distribution, (2) cultural misalignment where standard bureaucratic requirements conflict with indigenous customs and traditional governance structures, and (3) systemic marginalization and agency, highlighting the communities' resilience and desire for co-designed, culturally responsive welfare systems. The findings indicate that while social programs like the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) provide essential financial relief, their rigid administrative frameworks often exclude the most vulnerable due to lack of legal documentation and geographical barriers. The study argues for a paradigm shift from top-down paternalistic welfare delivery to a culturally integrated, participatory governance model that respects tribal autonomy and incorporates customary laws. Ultimately, these insights provide a critical framework for policymakers and social workers to design and implement inclusive, culturally sensitive welfare interventions in ancestral domains.