The massive shift to virtual modalities and functions has changed the context of leadership and organizational structures, and thus how leadership is exercised. To date, the fi elds of e-leadership and e-management, or more generally, virtual leadership, have been unable to make much progress. This exploratory study uses adaptive structuration theory, an approach recommended by Avolio (2001 and 2014), to provide a broad framework that is modifi ed for the fi eld. It uses the multi-method, multi-level approach recommended by structuration theory. Findings regarding three specifi c advanced information technologies (AITs) are discussed, study limitations are provided, and future research opportunities are reviewed.