Three new species-group are established for eastern Palaearctic species of the genus Anthobium Leach, 1819: the consanguineum-group containing A. consanguineum Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan, Diancang Shan) and A. jaegeri Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (Central Nepal: Kali Gandaki Valley); the crassum-group containing A. crassum Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan: Xue Shan, Haba Shan), A. crenulatum Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan: Diancang Shan), A. explanatum Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Sichuan: Gongga Shan), and A. farkaci Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Sichuan, Sabde); the reflexum-group containing A. reflexum (Reitter, 1891) (Middle Asia), A.deplanatum Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Sichuan: Erlang Shan), A. gaoligongshanense Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Yunnan: Gaoligong Shan), and A. kashmiricum (Cameron, 1941) (India: Kashmir). The species groups are defined, briefly discussed, and a key to the species included in each group is given. A lectotype is designated for Lathrimaeum reflexum Reitter, 1891. The subgenus Prionothorax Luze, 1905 is synonymized with the nominal subgenus of Anthobium. An additional species of the fusculum group is described: A. transversale Shavrin Smetana, sp.n. (China: Sichuan: Gongga Shan). The species of each species-group are (re-)described, illustrated, and their geographical distributions are mapped. Anthobium reflexum is recorded from Kyrgyzstan for the first time.