The demand for research in the context of identifying the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the medical and demographic indicators of individual regions is conditioned by continuing deterioration of the health status of population of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which occurs under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors. The purpose of research is to carry out comprehensive analysis of the medical and demographic indicators of population health of the region in 2012-2017, taking into account the influence of regional health factors. Materials and methods. The study applied such research techniques as the Pearson's correlation analysis with matrix construction. The processing was performed using the software Statistica 6.0. To test the hypothesis of normal distribution, the Shapiro-Wilk criterion was applied. The significance of differences was determined by the Student's criterion. The differences were considered statistically significant with p<0.05. The study used data of the State statistical Report of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2012-2017. The results. The study established that the Trans-Baikal Krai is characterized by a decrease in population size up to 1.9%, a decrease in the birth rate up to 18.5%, a significant decrease in natural growth, an average mortality rate and an increase in life expectancy by 4.89%. According to the Human Development Reports, the Trans-Baikal Krai takes the 76th position among the regions of the Russian Federation. The comprehensive assessment of the socio-economic conditions of the region allowed to identify the factors with the maximum degree of influence on the condition of public health, among which the resource characteristics of the regional health system are of significant importance, that determines the need for long-term study of the effect of these indicators on the level of regional health.