The barium swallow is an important radiological investigation used for the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal anatomical disorders like esophageal cancer, diverticulum, achalasia, foreign body, among others. Generally, it is believed to be a safe technique with rare complications, but few cases of barium sulfate aspiration have been reported in the literature with multiple complications. We are reporting a case of an elderly male who underwent esophagogram for the workup of chronic dysphagia, aspirated barium sulfate, and went into respiratory failure and circulatory shock several hours later. Moreover, we also did a systematic literature search and reviewed all available articles on aspiration of barium sulfate and its potential complications. We focused on predisposing factors for aspiration, clinical presentation, complications after aspiration, and prognosis with the aim to better understand and manage this condition.