Resource-based cities rise in the process of industrialization in China. These cities provide important resources for economic development of the country. However, due to the long-term and high-intensity exploitation of resources, resource-based cities are generally facing serious environmental pollution and ecological damages, which seriously threaten the survival and development of them. In order to evaluate and monitor ecological vulnerability of resource-based cities' effectively, and solve the problem of fuzziness and randomness in the evaluation process, a comprehensive evaluation model based on entropy-set pair analysis has been built. Firstly, the evaluation index system of resource-based cities' ecological vulnerability is constructed from four aspects of resource, economy, society and ecological environment. Secondly, the paper gets weights by entropy and evaluates vulnerability using the set pair theory. Finally, the level of ecological vulnerability of the case city is confirmed according to the principle of maximum connection degree. The results show that the evaluation indexes of resource, economy, society and ecological environment fluctuated but improved eventually in the year 2010 to 2016. And during this period, the ecological vulnerability of the case city changed from IV level to II level with a fluctuating state. We construct an entropy -set pair analysis comprehensive evaluation model to solve the problem of fuzziness and randomness in the assessment process of resource-based cities' ecological vulnerability. We analyze the characteristics of temporal changes of resource-based cities' ecological vulnerability. We proposed some practical suggestions to improve the ecological environment for resource-based cities.