Simultaneous three Enterobacteriaceae with different bla NDM-1-encoding plasmids in a patient transferred from mainland China to Taiwan Chih-Cheng Lai,1 Chi-Chung Chen,2,3 Ying-Chen Lu,3 Hung-Jui Chen,4 Bo-An Su,4 Tzu-Chieh Weng,4 Yu-Hsin Chiu,5 Han-Siong Toh,4 Chun-Cheng Zhang,4 Shyh-Ren Chiang,4 Yin-Ching Chuang,2,5 Hung-Jen Tang2,4,6 1Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan; 2Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; 3Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan; 4Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan; 6Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan Abstract: New-Delhi metallo-β-lactamase1 (NDM-1) Enterobacteriaceae are increasing worldwide. Herein, we describe a single patient who carried three unusual NDM-1 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae – Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) yielded from a urine specimen and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from stool specimens. For E. cloacae, its bla NDM-1-encoding plasmid was pKP04NDM with a size of ~54 kb replicons with an IncN backbone. For K. pneumoniae, its bla NDM-1-encoding plasmid was pNDM-BTR with a size of ~59.6 kb and belonged to IncN. For E. coli, its main bla NDM-1-encoding plasmid was pIMP-HK1500, and the NDM-1 gene was obtained from a part of pNDM-BTR (8439 bp). These three clinical strains are reported for the first time and are assumed to be imported from mainland China to Taiwan. The three different plasmids were never reported in K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and Citrobacter spp before. Owing to their associated multidrug resistance, appropriate measures of periodic, targeted surveillance, and development of new antimicrobial agents are urgently needed.Keywords: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, NDM-1, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Citrobacter, plasmid