In the present paper, we investigate the material removal behaviour of epoxy-based composites in an orthogonal cutting process, and its dependence on two different fillers: a rigid nanosilica (SiO2) and a soft carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) elastomer. The results obtained show that fracture plays a key role in the formation of the newly cut surface as the chip is separated from the workpiece by the cutting tool. The surface finish after cutting is dependent on the cutting depth, h, and the ratio between fracture toughness and yield strength, Gc/σy. The latter can be determined by a cutting theory. In general, a smaller value of h and/or a higher value of Gc/σy favour the controllability of the surface finish, i.e., a stable material removal process with enhanced surface integrity. This work highlights the important role of the fillers in determining not only the mechanical properties of epoxy composites but also their machinability. It provides useful guidance for better design and processing of epoxy-based materials for different engineering applications. Keywords: Cutting, Material removal, Nanosilica and CTBN reinforced epoxy, Fracture, Surface finish