Suicide is a public health problem worldwide. Although it affects people of any age, race, gender, nationality or culture, the studies reveal that one of the groups that present high risk are the inmates of a penitentiary institution, with suicide figures higher than those of the general population. In recent years, penitentiary institutions around the world are trying to reduce cases of suicide deaths through prevention and early detection programs. However, in countries such as the United Kingdom, Wales or Spain, the figures are still very high. Researchers and professionals from different disciplines have tried to establish the causes and risk factors that can lead to committing suicide. Among them, suffering traumatic events in childhood (childhood trauma) has been established as one of these factors. Recent studies have shown that childhood trauma has a significant incidence in the prison population, thus assuming an important specific risk factor in this population. The objective of this article is to review the risk factors associated with suicide in the penitentiary institution in order to understand the role of childhood trauma, its emotional impact and its relation to suicidal behavior in the prison environment, thereby contributing to the understanding and management of the cases having repercussions in an improvement in the programs for the prevention of suicide in prisons.