Clinical diagnosis of voice pathologies is performed by analyzing audio, color, shape, and vibration patterns of the laryngeal recordings which are taken with medical imaging devices such as video-laryngostroboscope, direct laryngoscopy, and high-speed videoendoscopes. This paper examines state-of-the-art methods and reveals open issues and problems of computing solutions for analysis and identification of laryngeal disorders. We propose a categorical representation of the most significant applications published so far in terms of their scopes, used methodologies, and achieved results. Laryngeal image/video analysis is discussed in four main categories: segmentation of vocal folds, classification of vocal fold disorders, vocal fold vibration analysis, and vocal fold image stitching. By this study, we reveal new opportunities and potentials of vision-based computerized solutions for evaluation, early diagnosis, and prevention of laryngeal disorders. Graphical abstract.