The study's relevance is stipulated by the need to understand the impact of globalisation on economic systems and social structures in the context of countries' uneven development. This study aims to analyse the effect of globalisation on economic systems and social structures in ten countries with different levels of economic growth. The study uses three empirical methods: regression analysis, comparative data analysis, and correlation analysis to identify the relationships between economic indicators. The statistical data were obtained from the World Bank, IMF, and national statistical agencies. Regression analysis has shown that every 1% increase in the share of high-tech exports in the GDP of developed countries contributes to a 0.5% increase in their economic growth. In developed countries like the United States and Germany, high innovation and urbanisation stimulate sustainable economic development and reduce CO₂ emissions by 12% per capita. In developing countries like Ukraine and Kenya, insufficient innovation and weak urbanisation lead to limited economic progress and an 8% increase in CO₂ emissions. The study's findings highlighted the importance of investing in innovation and urban infrastructure for sustainable development. For example, introducing high-tech export support programmes in developing countries can increase economic efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Policy strategies should focus on fostering innovation clusters and improving urban infrastructure to balance social and environmental challenges. The study provides an essential basis for strategic decision-making aimed at achieving sustainable development, increasing competitiveness and reducing the environmental burden on a global scale.