Numerous data of the scientific literature indicate polyetiology of pathological processes of the ecto- and endocervix, but the key factor in the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer (CC) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is certainly the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Epidemiological studies confirm the role of early sexual initiation, early first childbirth, and frequent changes in sexual partners, smoking, and a number of sexually transmitted infections in the occurrence of CIN and CRC.