Calcium
Abstract
Calcium, the most abundant extracellular polyvalent ion, has important intra- and extracellular functions in the nervous system, where it regulates neuronal excitability and stimulus–response coupling. Hypercalcemia causes encephalopathy, myopathic weakness, and focal cerebral dysfunction; hypocalcemia produces encephalopathy, seizures, paresthesia, and tetany. Calcium enters neurons and other cells through voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. Diseases resulting from impaired function of these channels, termed channelopathies, include Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, malignant hyperthermia, familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2, spinocerebellar ataxia 6, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Calcium was discovered in 1808 by Humphry Davy. In 1883, Sidney Ringer showed that calcium was required for myocardial contractility, and Katz and colleagues demonstrated in the 1950s and 1960s that chemical neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction depended on calcium influx into nerve terminals.
Keywords
hypercalcemia
calcium
ion channels
voltage-gated calcium channels
channelopathies
ligand-gated channels
type 2
anti-nmdar encephalitis
episodic ataxia
familial hemiplegic migraine
hypocalcemia
hypokalemic periodic paralysis
lambert–eaton myasthenic syndrome
malignant hyperthermia
spinocerebellar ataxia 6
tetany
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269163
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Article ID:
269163
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10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.01206-9
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Scimatic Chain (ID: 481)
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