Background. Heavy metal contamination has become a challenge in Nigerian cities. Objective. This review updates our current understanding of the environmental health effects of metal pollution in Nigeria. Methods. The review was conducted by systematically searching the databases of GOOGLESCHOLAR, MEDLINE, PUBMED CENTRAL, and PUBMED libraries for original research using search terms such as ‘metal pollution in Nigeria’, ‘bio-monitoring of lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium in Nigeria’, ‘lead in Nigeria’, ‘cadmium in Nigeria’, ‘nickel in Nigeria, and ‘chromium in Nigeria’. Discussion. This review highlights the need for the study of the toxicological implications of chronic, low-level exposure to heavy metals in African markets. Elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) have been documented in Nigerian populations across all ages, socioeconomic classes, sex, etc. Conclusions. There is a need to assess BLLs across populations in Nigeria by undertaking sound scientific studies using appropriate sample sizes and methodologies. In particular, information is needed on both non-occupational and occupational exposures to adults that may result in children being exposed. A comprehensive strategy is needed to reduce lead exposure in order to reduce the future economic and disease burden in Nigeria. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.