Céline Mirjolet,1 Julien Boudon,2 Alexis Loiseau,2 Sandy Chevrier,1 Romain Boidot,1 Alexandra Oudot,3 Bertrand Collin,3 Etienne Martin,1 Pattayil Alias Joy,4 Nadine Millot,2 Gilles Créhange1 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; 2Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; 3Preclinical Imaging Platform, Nuclear Medicine Department, Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; 4CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune, India Abstract: Around 40% of high-risk prostate cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy (RT) will experience biochemical failure. Chemotherapy, such as docetaxel (DTX), can enhance the efficacy of RT. Multidrug resistance mechanisms often limit drug efficacy by decreasing intracellular concentrations of drugs in tumor cells. It is, therefore, of interest to develop nanocarriers of DTX to maintain the drug inside cancer cells and thus improve treatment efficacy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of titanate nanotubes (TiONts) to develop a TiONts-DTX nanocarrier and to evaluate its radiosensitizing in vivo efficacy in a prostate cancer model. In vitro cytotoxic activity of TiONts-DTX was evaluated using an MTS assay. The biodistribution of TiONts-DTX was analyzed in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography. The benefit of TiONts-DTX associated with RT was evaluated in vivo. Eight groups with seven mice in each were used to evaluate the efficacy of the nanohybrid combined with RT: control with buffer IT injection ± RT, free DXL ± RT, TiONts ± RT and TiONts-DXL ± RT. Mouse behavior, health status and tumor volume were monitored twice a week until the tumor volume reached a maximum of 2,000 mm3. More than 70% of nanohybrids were localized inside the tumor 96 h after administration. Tumor growth was significantly slowed by TiONts-DTX associated with RT, compared with free DTX in the same conditions (P=0.013). These results suggest that TiONts-DTX improved RT efficacy and might enhance local control in high-risk localized prostate cancer. Keywords: prostate cancer, docetaxel nanocarrier, titanate nanotubes, radiosensitivity, nanoparticle