Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, and it can induce pancreatic necrosis that starts within pancreatic acinar cells in severe cases. Emodin, a pleiotropic natural product isolated from the Chinese herb Rheum palmatum L., has effective anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we investigated the protective effects and molecular mechanism of emodin against sodium taurocholate (STC)-induced pancreatic acinar cells injury in vitro and in vivo; and the results showed that emodin could significantly alleviate STC-induced pancreatic acinar cells injury through decreasing trypsin, amylase and the release of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6). Also, we found that emodin could significantly downregulate the HTRA1, interleukin-33, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, TNF receptor-associated factor-6, and nuclear factor kappa-B protein levels, but upregulate the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) protein level. These results indicated that emodin alleviated pancreatic acinar cells injury mainly through inhibiting HTRA1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway, and this finding was further proved by the HTRA1 overexpression experiments. In addition, the inflammatory regulator microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) was confirmed to be a transcriptional brake that controls the HTRA1 gene through using a dual luciferase reporter assay, and it was upregulated by emodin in pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, the pancreatic protective effects and anti-inflammatory activities of emodin were all abrogated with both miR-30a-5p inhibitor in vitro and miR-30a-5p antagomir in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that miR-30a-5p/HTRA1 are the target of emodin-mediated attenuation of pancreatic acinar cell injury in pancreatitis, thus providing the foundation for further development of this natural product for medical therapy.