The aim of this study was to compare the levels of erythropoietin (Epo), semaphorins 3A (Sema 3A) and pigment epithelium derived factors (PEDF) in serum and aqueous humor of those with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) and patients with cataract. It was an experimental study carried out from January 2016 to September 2018. Seventy-three NVG patients were selected as NVG group, and 73 cataract patients were selected as cataract group. The levels of Epo and sema 3A in serum and aqueous humor in NVG group were higher than those in cataract group (both p <0.001), and the level of PEDF in serum and aqueous humor in NVG group were lower than those in cataract group (p <0.001). Compared with cataract patients, NVG patients had higher levels of Epo and sema 3A in serum and aqueous humor and lower levels of PEDF.