Nowadays more and more attention is paid to climate change policy and sustainable development, for which transport still presents a major challenge. Railway transport plays an important role in the pollution of the natural environment. Therefore, it is highly important to monitor and analyse the environmental impacts of railway transport at the county scale. For this purpose, the thematic ecological database was developed for the territory of Russia and the digital map of the environmental impacts of railway transport was created at a scale of 1:20 000 000. The map is representing linear pollution connected with railway transportation systems, which is accessed according to the traffic intensity and types of freight transported on the routes. The major criteria of evaluation are freight volumes, the presence of polluting cargos and passenger train frequency. Conducted research aims to support decision makers with comprehensive data on the environmental impact of railway transport and helps to define the priority regions of Russia requiring measures of improvement of transport and ecological conditions.