Leishmania, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, is endemic in several regions of the world and hence regarded as a serious threat to public health. Major difficulties with current chemotherapeutic agents raise issues such as toxicity, resistance, cost and other side effects. These issues necessitate development of potentially new chemical entities against diverse leishmanial species. Numerous natural and synthetic new antileishmanial molecules have been described for disease management. Careful inspection of scientific reports revealed that considerable amount of promising antileishmanial agents belonged to the nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as quinoline, triazole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, pyrimidine, β-carboline, quinoxaline, quinazoline and benzimidazole. In this regard, enormous chemical data provide the opportunity for systematic elucidation of structural requirements against different leishmanial species. Within this representation, insights into the current status of privileged N-heterocycles as antileishmanial agents with particular emphasis on structure activity relationships are reviewed.