Control of potentially leachable nitrogen in the soil at the start of the lixiviation period. Establishment of reference values. Based on observations in the field, for ten years, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULg) and the Catholic University of Louvain set annual benchmarks for nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the soil at the beginning of the leaching period (referred to as 'PLN' - Potentially Leachable Nitrogen). These values are used as a reference to monitor farmers located in vulnerable zones, with the monitoring being carried out by the Public Service of Wallonia. Soil samples were taken twice a year (October and December) from approximately 250 plots subjected to reasoned nitrogen fertilization. The plots were located within 34 reference farms (constituting the Agricultural Survey Areas). The samples were then analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen content. The results allowed to establish reference values for eight classes of cultivation or meadow. Analysis of the results recorded in 2011, as in previous years, illustrates the importance of "crop" and "year" in establishing reference values.