When in 1488 Peter Martyr d’Anghiera (1457-1526) wrote his friend Théodore Guaineri (1449-ca.1509), they both had left their country, Italy, to join foreign courts – the first as chaplain of the catholic monarchs of Spain, the second as personal physician of King Charles VIII. The correspondence between the two humanists only has been preserved in four letters from Peter Martyr d’Anghiera, which explore the representations of exile while also portraying the rulers of their adopted countries.