distant metastatic retinoblastoma without central nervous system involvement
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children, with a reported incidence ranging from 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 18,000 live births. Metastatic retinoblastoma is rare in developed countries, with a reported range from 4.8% in the United States to 5.8% in the United Kingdom. However, the frequency reported from developing countries varies from 9 to 11% at presentation. The mortality is very high owing to late presentations, delayed diagnosis compounded by socio-economic factors. The management of metastatic retinoblastoma is evolving, but it is still a challenge in pediatric oncology. We present a case of an extensive skeletal metastasis that initially presented as a massive orbital retinoblastoma.
Keywords
Optical coherence tomography
inflammation
metastasis
anxiety
air
pain
electron microscopy
health professionals
photodynamic therapy
retina
rabbit
intraocular pressure
cataract
bone marrow
methotrexate
melatonin
doxycycline
light microscopy
healthcare workers
pituitary adenoma
endovascular treatment
contact lens
topical anesthesia
ranibizumab
intravitreal injection
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183726
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0x95644003c57E6F55A65596E3D9Eac6813e3566dA
Article ID:
183726
Unique Identifier:
10.4103/0301-4738.97077
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Scimatic Chain (ID: 481)
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