Chronic neuropathic pain as a result of injury to the central or peripheral nervous system is common in clinical practice, and is especially predominant in the elderly. The present review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain and specifically details an evidence-based approach to the pharmacological treatment of this disabling condition. Preventive strategies and novel treatment approaches are required to improve the management of neuropathic pain.