Aluminum metal matrix composites (Al-MMCs) are difficult to machine. The reinforcement of aluminum using ceramic particles accelerates tool wear. Moreover, demanded machining accuracies or properties of the surface layer are difficult to achieve. In the present study, the effect of silicon carbide reinforcement particles on the surface layer of the workpiece was investigated using multiple cutting conditions for dry turning. Three differently reinforced Al-MMCs regarding the volume percentage (17% and 30%) and the particle size (0.6 µm and 3 µm) and their non-reinforced matrix were considered as the workpiece materials. The reinforcement and the cutting condition affect the results of turning. A greater particle volume percent improves the surface roughness and decreases the tensile stress in the surface. The smaller particle size caused a lower tensile stress in the surface. A general effect of the particle size on the workpiece roughness can not be concluded. The most important cutting parameter for the surface layer of the workpiece is the feed. Greater feeds decrease the tensile stress in the surface, but deteriorate the surface quality.