Occupational accidents in the construction industry constitute one of the major problems in Turkey. The industry alone is responsible for 32.0% of all fatal industrial accidents from 1992–2015. Beyond precautionary efforts, workers need to participate and cooperate in the construction process to reduce the high number of accidents. The objective of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the underlying causes and motivations that affect the compliance of workers in following occupational safety and health (OSH) rules. A total of 482 workers were surveyed in 2016–2017. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the reliability of the dataset. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted to determine the parameters that affect the compliance of workers in following OSH rules. Results show that most construction workers do not believe in the following findings: companies should provide OSH training before starting work; focusing on OSH would increase work efficiency and quality; OSH training is effective in preventing occupational accidents; OSH training is effective in reducing the frequency of occupational accidents; and OSH training is important for the safe use of equipment. Thus, the safety culture should be developed first in order for workers to gain awareness, adaptation and their sustainability.