Background Obesity and overweight are among the most common and serious health issues in many countries, leading to numerous medical consequences such as heart disease, hypertension, fatty liver etc. Objective This review article addressed the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students by using meta-analysis. Methods A number of domestic and international databases were searched, including IranMedex, Magiran, SID, Scopus, PubMed, IranDoc, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Eligible publications were 160 articles that addressed the prevalence of obesity or overweight. Data were combined using random effects model. Heterogeneity of the studies was examined by Q statistics and the I2 index. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.1. Results In the 160 reviewed studies, a total of 481,070 individuals (6-20 years) were included. The prevalence of obesity among Iranian students based on body mass index (BMI) was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10%-12%) (in girls 8% [95% CI: 7%-10%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 10%-13%]). The prevalence of overweight in students based on BMI was 12% (95% CI: 12%-13%) (in girls 13% [95% CI: 11%-14%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 18%-30%]). The rate of obesity was 13% (95% CI: 11%-16%) in elementary school students, 10% (95% CI: 7%-14%) in secondary school students and 7% (95% CI: 6%-9%) in high school students. Conclusions The prevalence rate of overweight was more than that of obesity with a 1% difference. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys, while the prevalence of overweight was higher in girls. The prevalence of obesity was higher in primary school students than in secondary school students. This prevalence was higher in secondary school students than in high school students.