Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy has been severely limited by oxygen (O ) deficiency in tumors and the electron-hole separation inefficiency in photosensitizers, especially the long-range diffusion of O toward photosensitizers during the PDT process. Herein, novel bismuth sulfide (Bi S )@bismuth (Bi) Z-scheme heterostructured nanorods (NRs) are designed to realize the spatiotemporally synchronous O self-supply and production of reactive oxygen species for hypoxic tumor therapy. Both narrow-bandgap Bi S and Bi components can be excited by a near-infrared laser to generate abundant electrons and holes. The Z-scheme heterostructure endows Bi S @Bi NRs with an efficient electron-hole separation ability and potent redox potentials, where the hole on the valence band of Bi S can react with water to supply O for the electron on the conduction band of Bi to produce reactive oxygen species. The Bi S @Bi NRs overcome the major obstacles of conventional photosensitizers during the PDT process and exhibit a promising phototherapeutic effect, supplying a new strategy for hypoxic tumor elimination.