Tropical peatlands are a known source of methane (CH ) to the atmosphere, but their contribution to atmospheric CH is poorly constrained. Since the 1980s, extensive areas of the peatlands in Southeast Asia have experienced land-cover change to small-holder agriculture and forest plantations. This land-cover change generally involves lowering of groundwater level (GWL), as well as modification of vegetation type, both of which potentially influence CH emissions. We measured CH exchanges at the landscape scale using eddy covariance towers over two land-cover types in tropical peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia: (1) a natural forest, and (2) an Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Annual CH exchanges over the natural forest (9.1±0.9 g CH m year ) were around twice as high as those of the Acacia plantation (4.7±1.5 g CH m year ). Results highlight that tropical peatlands are significant CH sources, and probably have a greater impact on global atmospheric CH concentrations than previously thought. Observations showed a clear diurnal variation in CH exchange over the natural forest where the GWL was higher than 40 cm below the ground surface. The diurnal variation in CH exchanges was strongly correlated with associated changes in the canopy conductance to water vapor, photosynthetic photon flux density, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature. Absence of a comparable diurnal pattern in CH exchange over the Acacia plantation may be the result of the GWL being consistently below the root zone. Our results, which are among the first eddy covariance CH exchange data reported for any tropical peatland, should help to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of CH emissions from a globally important ecosystem, provide a more complete estimate of the impact of land-cover change on tropical peat, and develop science-based peatland management practices that help to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.