This paper presents the effects of laser treatment (fiber laser YLS-4000) on the microstructure and selected mechanical properties of the surface layer of AlMg (AlMg9) foundry alloy obtained by alloying with boron carbide (BC). The correlation between laser alloying process parameters and selected properties of the formed layer was discussed. The studies were supported by microstructural analysis of the remelted zone (RZ), heat affected zone (HAZ), undissolved carbide particles, substrate material, and precipitates formed during rapid solidification. Metallographic investigations of the laser-treated layer were performed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition and a detailed analysis of chemical composition in micro-areas were carried out using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The remelting thickness, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and amount of base material in surface layers were determined. Microhardness tests were performed on transverse cross-sections of the remelted zone to obtain the hardness profiles in the base material (BM), remelted zone (RZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ). The hardness, roughness, and wear resistance measurements showed that the highest tribological properties of the obtained surface layer were achieved using 0.5 Bar protective gas (Ar) during alloying with BC powder.