Mountain glaciers retreat at an increased rate under global warming, resulting in exposed barren surfaces for primary succession. Soil microbes are an important driver of ecosystem processes. Although variations in soil microbes after deglaciation have been studied extensively, the roles of rhizosphere soil microbes in the biogeochemistry cycle during primary succession are less understood. In this study, Populus purdomii was present throughout the 123-year chronosequence as a representative tree species. We therefore investigated variations in the rhizosphere enzyme activity, microbial community structure, and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of P. purdomii along Hailuogou Glacier chronosequences. The objective was to determinechanges in rhizosphere enzyme activities and microbial communities, as well as the effects of nutrient limitation on rhizosphere microbes. According to the results, the enzyme activities and microbial group biomass in rhizosphere soil all showed a bimodal trend and were highest at the 43rd or 123rd year, and enzyme activity varied with succession time but not microbial community structure. The rhizosphere soil bacterial community was the dominant community during the 123-year chronosequence. Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry indicated nitrogen restrictions on microbial activity throughout primary succession, with early succession stages (5-15 years) showing greater carbon restriction than late succession stages. Moreover, redundancy and correlation analyses demonstrated that soil microbial phospholipid fatty acid biomass was an important factor for increases in enzyme activities and that enzyme activities in turn played important roles in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in rhizosphere soil. Additionally, rhizosphere soil microbial development significantly affected soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon accumulation. Overall, our study links the rhizosphere microbial community and activity to successional chronosequences, providing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of ecosystem succession.