In the Siberian studies the sustenance system of the Russian population has not yet become an object of special research. Some of its components have been studied by historians and ethnographers who based their reconstructions of sustenance systems on quite fragmentary archives of XVII–XVIII centuries. In the last quarter of the XX century the excavations of the New Age memorials expanded significantly, however the publications based of archeological material characterized only part of sustenance systems. Nevertheless, the archeological research allows for a new vision of life and household of the Russian Siberians. The author of the present article has attempted to reconstruct the sustenance system of the Russian Siberians of the XVII–XVIII centuries based on the correlation of archeological and written sources. One of the oldest countryside settlements in the south of Western Siberia – village Ananyino served as the research base. Archive materials allowed for tracing the emergence of the settlement and characterizing its population, their basic activities (the size and kind of tillage, hayfields, number of cattle and its composition at different owners). Archeological materials complement this data significantly due to paleozoological and carpological research. Moreover, the analysis of an impressive collection of artifacts, building the landscape model of the monument, the study of the constructions excavated allow for considering practically a complete complex of material culture and move to the reconstruction of the elements of spiritual culture of the population of the Ananyino settlement. Such complex research of the XVII-XVIII centuries’ sustenance systems in Siberia has never been made.