Investigation of refractive anomalies is especially important in the pediatric population, because they can be the cause of amblyopia and strabismus, if detected late. We analyzed the refractive anomalies of children aged up to 15 years who were examined in the Office of the Orthoptics and Pleoptics - Department of Ophthalmology - Clinical Center Niš during a five-year period (2006-2010) in relation to sex, age of respondents, type and amount of refractive anomalies. The study included the determination of visual acuity, eye refraction, motility, convergence, cover test, biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy. Among the 620 children, without organic damage to the eye, there were 292 males and 328 females. Hyperopia was found in 54.11%, myopia in 2.98%, astigmatism in 42.91%, primarily hyperopic astigmatism in 28.47%. Hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism-related refractive anomalies are the most common in this sample of children. The importance of timely and adequate correction of refractive anomalies in children to prevent amblyopia and strabismus is emphasized.