Changes in stream sediment yield impact material fluxes, water quality, aquatic geochemistry, stream morphology, and aquatic habitats. Quantifying sediment yield is important for predicting watershed erosion and understanding sediment transport processes. In the context of a changing climate, this is important for the management and conservation of soil and water to cope with the effects of increasingly severe climate conditions that are likely to occur in the near future. This study aims to predict seasonal trends in sediment yield under climate change impacts in the Laos-Vietnam transnational Upper Ca River Watershed. The SWAT model was used for hydrological simulation, coupled with future climate projections under three IPCC emission scenarios, B1, B2, and A2. We found an increase in the seasonality of sediment yield due to increases in the seasonality of both rainfall and runoff. However, the increase of sediment yield in the wet season appeared more significant than its decrease in the dry season, due to more significant increases in rainfall as well as runoff in that season compared to decreases in these factors in the dry season. Consequently, annual sediment yield is predicted to increase, with a rate ranging from 12.1% to 16.5% by the end of this century, depending on emission scenario. The seasonal sensitivity of sediment yield to climate change found in this study is expected to be useful in collaborative management initiatives related to soil and water resources in the watershed.