OBJETIVO: Analisar a variação dos períodos climáticos (seco ou chuvoso) e o uso de serviços de saúde para a asma em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, com coleta de dados secundários, através de análise dos prontuários das crianças com até cinco anos de idade e diagnóstico de asma, atendidas no Pronto-Socorro Municipal de Cuiabá. Obedecendo às características geográficas de Cuiabá (MT), foram considerados dois períodos climáticos: o período seco (maio a outubro) e o chuvoso (novembro a abril). RESULTADOS: O percentual de atendimentos das crianças consideradas com diagnóstico de asma foi de 12,2% (3.140/25.802), sem diferença entre os sexos. A faixa etária mais acometida foi a de três a cinco anos de idade. A taxa de hospitalização por asma foi de 1,3% (336/25.802), sendo de 10,7% (336/3.140) entre as crianças asmáticas atendidas no pronto-socorro. No período chuvoso o percentual de atendimento ambulatorial por asma foi maior que no período seco: 39,1% (1.228/3.140) versus 60,9% (1.912/3.140). Entretanto, no período seco houve maior percentual de hospitalização: 52,3% (176/336) versus 47,7% (160/336). As diferenças foram significativas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O período climático seco, associado à maior taxa de hospitalização, parece estar relacionado aos casos mais graves de asma em crianças menores de cinco anos.
OBJECTIVE: To study variations in climate (dry or rainy periods) and health services use for the treatment of asthma in children under five years of age. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted and involved analysis of the medical charts of all children under the age of five that were diagnosed with asthma and treated in the Municipal Emergency Room of the city of Cuiabá, located in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In accordance with the geographic location of Cuiabá, two climatic periods were identified: a dry season (from May to October) and a rainy season (from November to April). RESULTS: The percentage of children treated that were diagnosed with asthma was 12.2% (3140/25,802), with no gender-based difference. Children from 3 to 5 years of age were most often affected. The overall asthma hospitalization rate was 1.3% (336/25,802), rising to 10.7% (336/3140) among the asthmatic children treated in the emergency room. In the rainy season, the percentage of outpatients seeking treatment for asthma was higher than in the dry season: 39.1% (1228/3140) versus 60.9% (1912/3140). However, during the dry season, a greater proportion of such patients were hospitalized: 52.3% (176/336) versus 47.7% (160/336). These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The dry season, which was correlated with higher asthma hospitalization rates, seems to be related to more severe cases of asthma in children under five years of age.