To characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the once-weekly (q.w.) dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor omarigliptin in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and use these models to support the dosing recommendation for patient labeling including patients with renal impairment.PK and PD were assessed from a total of 9827 omarigliptin concentrations collected from 1387 healthy subjects and patients participating in Phase 1, 2, and 3 studies examining single- or multiple-dose weekly administration of omarigliptin at doses ranging from 0.25 mg to 400 mg. Population PK and PD analyses were performed using non-linear mixed effect modeling.A semi-mechanistic two-compartment model with linear unbound clearance and concentration-dependent binding of omarigliptin to the DPP-4 enzyme in both the central and peripheral compartments adequately described omarigliptin PK. Key covariates on omarigliptin PK included reduced unbound clearance with renal impairment. A direct effect sigmoid E model adequately described the relationship between omarigliptin plasma concentrations and DPP-4 inhibition. These models supported the current Japan label instructions that the approved omarigliptin 25 mg q.w. dose be halved in patients with severe renal impairment and in those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Also, if patients missed a dose, the next dose of omarigliptin should be taken as soon as remembered up to and including the day before the next scheduled dose. No other clinically important covariates were identified.The models in the present analysis adequately described PK and PD characteristics of omarigliptin and supported the dosing and administration section of the omarigliptin label.