allosteric modulation of g protein coupled receptors by cytoplasmic, transmembrane and extracellular ligands

allosteric modulation of g protein coupled receptors by cytoplasmic, transmembrane and extracellular ligands

;Naveena Yanamala;Judith Klein-Seetharaman
journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism 2010 Vol. 3 pp. 3324-3342
136
yanamala2010pharmaceuticalsallosteric

Abstract

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) bind diverse classes of ligands, and depending on the receptor, these may bind in their transmembrane or the extracellular domains, demonstrating the principal ability of GPCRs to bind ligand in either domains. Most recently, it was also observed that small molecule ligands can bind in the cytoplasmic domain, and modulate binding and response to extracellular or transmembrane ligands. Thus, all three domains in GPCRs are potential sites for allosteric ligands, and whether a ligand is allosteric or orthosteric depends on the receptor. Here, we will review the evidence supporting the presence of putative binding pockets in all three domains of GPCRs and discuss possible pathways of communication between these pockets.

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