Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a curable childhood cancer. Treatment adherence is crucial for a good outcome, but is potentially problematic in low- and middle-income countries owing to parental financial constraints.To investigate the association of destitution with treatment adherence and its effect on the survival of patients with BL.Patients received free medical treatment from a twinning programme at two Cameroon Baptist hospitals. A destitution assessment questionnaire, based on socioeconomic status, was completed at diagnosis. Medical records were reviewed for treatment adherence and survival. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare groups. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to calculate overall survival, and log-rank chi-squared tests when comparing survival rates between patient subgroups. Significance was measured at P < .05.The 225 children with BL had a mean age of 8.2 years (median 8.0) and the overall survival was 52%. The mean family destitution score was 56% on a linear scale. Few (8%) patients delayed treatment appointments. A quarter (25%) experienced more than a 1-week follow-up delay and 9.8% absconded within 1 year. The destitution score was not significantly associated with delay of treatment, but with delay in follow-up (P < .001). Guardian relationship (single mother) and patient's age were significantly associated with overall survival (P = .025).Though linked to poor follow-up, destitution was not significantly associated with absconding patients, poor outcome or poor adherence to treatment, probably due to comprehensive financial support from the international twinning programme. However, additional support for single mothers should be considered.