A brief review is provided on the role of experimental modulation of the visual system during its plastic period. The importance of several substances could be demonstrated. Potential clinical applications of available studies for amblyopia treatment are summarised. The role of the dopaminergic system and particularly of dopamine in amblyopia are also discussed. Results of the use of cytidin-5’-diphosphocoline (citicoline) in amblyopia are evaluated in detail. Advantages and indications for a combination of citicoline with part-time occlusion are discussed in detail. Finally, new administration modalities of citicoline, more detailed evaluation of its efficacy and the use of new substances are briefly analysed.