Targeted temperature management (TTM) for neuroprotection involves maintaining the temperature of the brain at predetermined levels by various techniques. It is aimed at avoiding the harmful effects of hyperthermia on the brain and at exploiting the protective effects of lower tissue temperature. There has been an explosion in the use of TTM for neuroprotection in a variety of clinical scenarios apart from the commonly accepted fields of resuscitation and ischaemic, hypoxic encephalopathy. This review briefly discusses the evidence base for TTM. The focus is on various areas of application for neuroprotection, the practical issues pertaining to TTM implementation, the recent data that support it and the present areas of controversy.