Waste utilization is crucial for achieving sustainability in the construction industry. This article provides data that demonstrate the possibility of industrial waste utilization in high volumes to enhance cementitious composites. This dataset could help researchers understand the cement paste composites’ behavior in the fresh and hardened state. The data were obtained from the physical, mechanical, and durability tests of laboratory-produced samples. The composites were tested at 7, 28, and 90-days of hardening, according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The obtained values were then evaluated using the DataFit curve fitting (nonlinear regression) and data plotting software. Additionally, two spreadsheets were created to help researchers calculate their weights and calculate the bulk specific gravity, water absorption, and porosity values. The detailed information related to the data described here can be found in “High-volume marble substitution in cement-paste: towards a better sustainability” [1]. Keywords: Marble powder, Cement, Paste, Composite, Sustainability, Construction, Waste