Ertugrul Eryılmaz,1 Cengiz Canpolat2 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, 2Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Acibadem Kozyatagi Hospital, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract: Achieving lower morbidity and higher survival rates in the treatment of childhood leukemia has been a paradigm of success in modern oncology. However, serious long-term health complications occur in very large populations of childhood leukemia survivors, in the case of both acute lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Additionally, 15% of acute lymphoid leukemia patients have treatment failures, and rates are even higher in childhood AML. In the last few decades, as a result of well-tested experiments that statistically analyzed treatment cohorts, new agents have emerged as alternatives or supplements to established treatments, in which high survival and/or less morbidity were observed. This review provides an overview of better practice in the treatment of childhood leukemia. Keywords: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, pediatric leukemia, systemic therapies