Abstract Background This study examined associations between psychosocial factors and the perception that adequate employment opportunities might not be provided for people with limited work capacity due to psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted an online, cross-sectional survey of 3,710 employed individuals aged 20 to 69 years in Japan. Our survey included the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire and investigated participants’ perception of opportunities in their workplace for individuals with a psychiatric disorder returning to work (colleagues’ negative perception) and psychosocial factors (job demand, job control, and workplace social support). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate potential associations between psychosocial factors and colleagues’ negative perception. Results Colleagues’ negative perception was associated with low workplace social support (middle tertile: Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.12–1.40; low tertile: OR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32–1.58; p for trend <0.01); low levels of job control (middle tertile: OR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.06–1.38; low tertile: OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.46–1.81; p for trend <0.01); and no previous experience working with a person with a psychiatric disorder (OR 1.74, 95% CI: 1.60–1.88). Conclusions Psychosocial factors may affect colleagues’ perceptions of individuals with a psychiatric disorder returning to work in Japan. Greater consideration of psychosocial factors in the workplace may be necessary to facilitate people with a psychiatric disorder successfully returning to work in Japan, as elsewhere.