Playing Rough vs. Bullying Among Preschool and Early School-Age Children: A Developmental Perspective

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{"abstract":"Rough-and-tumble play is a common form of physical play during early childhood and may include chasing, wrestling, playful pushing, tumbling, and mock fighting. Although such behaviors can appear aggressive to adults, they are not necessarily bullying. The distinction is particularly important during the preschool and early school-age years, when children are still developing self-regulation, empathy, perspective-taking, communication, and the ability to understand social rules. This article examines the developmental distinction between rough-and-tumble play and bullying among young children through three themes: the developmental function of rough play, the defining characteristics of bullying in early childhood, and the roles of social competence, power, and adult guidance in distinguishing the two. Research indicates that rough play can provide opportunities for children to practice cooperation, negotiation, emotional regulation, motor skills, and social problem-solving when participation is reciprocal and enjoyable. In contrast, bullying involves unwanted aggression accompanied by a power imbalance and repetition or a strong likelihood of recurrence. Young children, however, may not yet fully understand the concepts of repetition and power that characterize bullying, making adult observation and interpretation especially important. The article emphasizes that not every physical conflict should be labeled bullying, while repeated harmful behavior should not be dismissed simply as play. Developmentally appropriate observation, clear behavioral boundaries, empathy-building, and supportive adult intervention are therefore essential in helping children distinguish playful interaction from harmful peer behavior.","abstract_source":"original","authors":["Mary Criss Tus"],"date":"2026-10-09","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.23252868","id":11027,"issue":2,"journal":{"issn":"xxxx-xxxx","name":"Akademika: Educational Learning Anthology"},"pdf_sha256":"7e804c0c6cd5a18b18a8b33990897672bcb8853966635880d6bdee3141775464","schema":"scimatic-article/1","title":"Playing Rough vs. Bullying Among Preschool and Early School-Age Children: A Developmental Perspective","volume":1}

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  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"eth_call","params":[{"to":"0x0E596B4bb924937aA35D9b342A90347ed6F05eF8","data":"0xf3e0c2900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002b13"},"latest"]}'

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