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Research Article

ESL Tutors' Motivation and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPaCK) in Online Learning Contexts

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Emadel Mae Orillaneda , Merlyn Estoque
Psych Educ Multidisc J, 2025, 43 (6), 688-711, DOI: https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.430602, ISSN 2822-4353
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Abstract

With the growing demand for online English instruction, understanding how motivation influences tutors’ professional competence is essential. ESL online tutoring refers to the real-time, personalized delivery of English lessons via digital platforms. As virtual learning transforms language education, tutors play a central role in supporting learners through their ability to integrate technology, pedagogy, and content framed within the TPACK model. This study investigated the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) among 72 ESL online tutors using a quantitative, descriptive survey design. Data were collected through a modified questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Mann-Whitney U Test, and Spearman’s Rho. Results showed a significant relationship between motivation and all TPACK domains, indicating that more motivated tutors demonstrate stronger instructional integration. Among profile variables, only educational background significantly influenced Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), with non-education graduates scoring highest. Other demographic variables showed no significant differences.

Keywords motivation online learning Digital Platforms tpack ESL Tutors
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The team behind this paper

2 authors, 2 institutions.

This paper Surigao del Norte State University — Philippines Surigao del Norte State… 1 author University of the Visayas University of the Visay… 1 author Emadel Mae Orillaneda — corresponding author EO Emadel Mae Orillaneda ✉ Merlyn Estoque ME Merlyn Estoque

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426 reads over 16 months.

July 2025 October 2026

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Merlyn Estoque 0x8758D4…332308 450,000 (45%)
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Bibliographic Information

Emadel Mae Orillaneda, Merlyn Estoque, (2025). ESL Tutors' Motivation and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPaCK) in Online Learning Contexts, Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 43(6): 688-711
Bibtex Citation
@article{emadel_mae_orillaneda2025pemj,
author = {Emadel Mae Orillaneda and Merlyn Estoque},
title = {ESL Tutors' Motivation and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPaCK) in Online Learning Contexts},
journal = {Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal},
year = {2025},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {688-711},
doi = {10.70838/pemj.430602},
url = {https://scimatic.org/index.php/show_manuscript/5949}
}
APA Citation
Orillaneda, E.M., Estoque, M., (2025). ESL Tutors' Motivation and Technological, Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPaCK) in Online Learning Contexts. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 43(6), 688-711. https://doi.org/10.70838/pemj.430602

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