Abstract To further increase the capacity of the optical transmission system, the hybrid mode- and polarisation-division multiplexing (MDM-PDM) technology has been proved to be an efficient approach by multiplexing dual polarisations for each orthogonal eigen mode. A hybrid (de)multiplexer [(De)MUX] is one of the most important fabrics for the hybrid MDM-PDM networks. A compact silicon 10-mode hybrid (De)MUX is proposed based on three cascaded asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs) based sections, three adiabatic tapers, and a polarisation beam splitter (PBS). The phase-matching conditions can be achieved by varying the widths of the bus waveguides for the TM modes and then by varying the widths of the access waveguides for the TE modes. The simulated results show that a compact total coupling length for TM1 ~ TM3 and TE1 ~ TE5 modes can be achieved to be 55.4 μm. In addition, the total loss of the proposed hybrid (De)MUX can be reduced benefitting from the fewer tapers compared with the conventional cascaded ADCs. The PBS is also optimised with a compact length of 7.0 μm and high extinction ratios of 32.9 dB and 15.4 dB for the TM0 and TE0 modes, respectively.